Conventional electrospinning normally generate 2D straight fibers with limited cellular penetration. Here we explore new possibilities to upgrade electrospinning technology to 3D and apply it 1)  to fabricate 3D Nano-biointerfaces that recapitulate the 3D in vivo environment, 2) to guide 3D cell‐materials interactions and 3) to realise a wide range of biomedical engineering applications such as tissue engineering, biosensing and cancer biology.

Bioprinting, both extrustion- and light-based, have emerged as advanced, automated manufacturing techniques that precisely arrange living cells, biochemicals, and biomaterials (bioinks) to create complex, functional tissue-like structures. We combine both electrospinning and bioprinting multimodular biofabrication techniques to englineer 3D multiscale living materials immitating lymphatic, nervous and vascular systems.